C Programming videos Tutorial step by step 2015 BestDotNetTraining. C programming language which is considered the mother of all languages. Sample Programs for C Beginner.Reference Visual C# Language C# Programmer's Reference. The C# tutorials provide an overview of the basics of the language and identify important language features. Each tutorial includes one or more sample programs. The core syntax of C# language is similar to that of other C-style languages such as C. ECMA released ECMA-334 C# Language Specification. Most C programs make extensive use of all three. The C programming language uses libraries as its primary method of extension. In C, a library is a set of functions contained within a single 'archive' file. C Programming Notes Introductory C Programming Class Notes, Chapter 1. They are based on notes prepared (beginning in Spring, 1995) to supplement the book The C Programming Language, by Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie. Learn-C.org is a free interactive C tutorial for people who want to learn C, fast. This tutorial explains the parts of C you need to get started with Cocoa. The next line defines the main function that all C programs have. The C language is not that complicated. C Programming Tutorial. The C language has been equipped with features that allow programs to be organized in an easy and logical way. Sometimes C programs are written in more than one text file. C PROGRAMMING TUTORIAL. The source files for C programs are typically named with the extension “.c”. Writing Java Programs That Use the Wolfram Language—Wolfram Language Documentation. Introduction. The first part of this User Guide describes using J/Link to allow you to call from the Wolfram Language into Java, thereby extending the Wolfram Language environment to include the functionality in all existing and future Java classes. This part shows you how to use J/Link in the opposite direction, as a means to write Java programs that use the Wolfram Language kernel as a computational engine. J/Link uses the Wolfram Symbolic Transfer Protocol (WSTP), Wolfram Research's protocol for sending data and commands between programs. Many of the concepts and techniques in J/Link programming are the same as those for programming with the WSTP C- language API. The J/Link documentation is not intended to be an encyclopedic compendium of everything you need to know to write Java programs that use WSTP. Programmers may have to rely a little on the general documentation of WSTP programming. Many of the functions J/Link provides have C- language counterparts that are identical or nearly so. If you have not read . This allows you to have a very high- level interface between Java and the Wolfram Language. When you are writing WSTP programs in C, you have to think about passing and returning simple things like strings and integers. With J/Link you can pass Java objects back and forth between Java and the Wolfram Language. J/Link truly obliterates the boundary between Java and the Wolfram Language. This half of the User Guide is organized as follows. The methods are grouped by function, and there is some commentary mixed in. This treatment does not replace the actual Java. Doc help files for J/Link, found in the JLink/Documentation/Java. Doc directory. The Java. Doc files are the main method- by- method reference for J/Link, and they include all the classes and interfaces that programmers will use. The remaining sections of this User Guide present discussions of a number of important topics in J/Link programming, including how to handle exceptions and get graphics and typeset output. When you are reading this text or programming in Java or the Wolfram Language, remember that the entire source code for J/Link is provided. If you want to see how anything works (or why it does not), you can always consult the source code directly. What Is WSTP? The Wolfram Symbolic Transfer Protocol (WSTP) is a platform- independent protocol for communicating between programs. In more concrete terms, it is a means to send and receive Wolfram Language expressions. WSTP is the means by which the notebook front end and kernel communicate with each other. It is also used by a large number of commercial and freeware applications and utilities that link the Wolfram Language and other programs or languages. WSTP is implemented as a library of C- language functions. Using it from another language (such as Java) typically requires writing some type of . At the core of J/Link is just such a translation layer—a library built using Java's JNI (Java Native Interface) specification. An old name for WSTP was Math. Link, and this explains the appearance of that legacy name in several J/Link classes and interfaces. Overview of the Main J/Link Interfaces and Classes. Preamble. The J/Link classes are written in an object- oriented style intended to maximize their extensibility in the future without requiring users' code to change. This requires a clean separation between interface and implementation. This is accomplished by exposing the main link functionality through interfaces, not classes. The names of the concrete classes that implement these interfaces will hardly be mentioned because programmers do not need to know or care what they are. Rather, you will use objects that belong to one of the interface types. You do not need to know what the actual classes are because you will never create an instance directly; instead, you use a . This will become clear further on. Math. Link and Kernel. Link. The two most important link interfaces you need to know about are Math. Link and Kernel. Link. The Math. Link interface is essentially a port of the WSTP C API into Java. Most of the method names will be familiar to experienced WSTP programmers. Kernel. Link extends Math. Link and adds some important high- level convenience methods that are only meaningful if the other side of the link is a Wolfram Language kernel (for example, the method wait. For. Answer(), which assumes the other side of the link will respond with a defined series of packets). The basic idea is that the Math. Link interface encompasses all the operations that can be performed on a link without making any assumptions about what program is on the other side of the link. Kernel. Link adds the assumption that the other side is a Wolfram Language kernel. In the future, other interfaces could be added that also extend Math. Link and encapsulate other conventions for communicating over a link. Kernel. Link is the most important interface, as most programmers will work exclusively with Kernel. Link. Of course, since Kernel. Link extends Math. Link, many of the methods you will use on your Kernel. Link objects are declared and documented in the Math. Link interface. The most important class that implements Math. Link is Native. Link, so named because it uses native methods to call into Wolfram Research's WSTP library. In the future, other classes could be added that do not rely on native methods—for example, one that uses RMI to communicate across a network. As discussed above, most programmers do not need to be concerned about what these classes are, because they will never type a link class name in their code. Math. Link. Factory. Math. Link. Factory is the class that you use to create link objects. It contains the static methods create. Math. Link(), create. Kernel. Link(), and create. Loopback. Link(), which take various argument sequences. These are the equivalents of calling WSOpen in a C program. The Math. Link. Factory methods are discussed in detail in . The J/Link API uses exceptions to indicate errors, rather than function return values like the WSTP C API. In C, you write code that checks the return values as follows. Expr has a number of methods that provide information about the structure of the expression and that let you extract components. These methods have names and behaviors that will be familiar to Wolfram Language programmers—for example, length(), part(), number. Q(), vector. Q(), take(), delete(), and so on. When reading from a link, instead of using the low- level Math. Link interface methods for discovering the structure and properties of the incoming expression, you can just read an entire expression from the link using get. Expr(), and then use Expr methods to inspect it or decompose it. For writing to a link, Expr objects can be used as arguments to some of the most important Kernel. Link methods. The Expr class is discussed in detail in . J/Link programs will typically not include such a loop—instead, you call the Kernel. Link methods wait. For. Answer() or discard. Answer(), which hide the packet loop within them. Not only is this a convenience to avoid having to put the same boilerplate code into every program, it is necessary since in some circumstances programmers cannot write a correct packet because special packets may arrive that J/Link needs to handle internally. It is therefore necessary to hide the details of the packet loop from programmers. In some cases, though, programmers will want to observe and/or operate on the incoming flow of packets. A typical example would be to display Print output or messages generated by a computation. These outputs are side effects of a computation and not the . You can register your interest in receiving notifications of these packets by creating a class that implements the Packet. Listener interface and registering an object of this class with the Kernel. Link object. The Packet. Listener interface has only one method, packet. Arrived(), which will be called for each packet. Your packet. Arrived() method can consume or ignore the packet without affecting the internal packet loop in any way. Very advanced programmers can optionally indicate that the internal packet loop should not see the packet. The Packet. Listener interface is discussed in greater detail in . The Math. Canvas and Math. Graphics. JPanel classes provide an easy way to display Wolfram Language graphics and typeset expressions. These classes are often used from Wolfram Language code, as described in . They are discussed in . These classes provide some very high- level user interface elements. There is the Console. Window class, which gives you a console output window (this is the class used to implement the Wolfram Language function Show. Java. Console, discussed in . The Interrupt. Dialog class gives you an Interrupt Evaluation dialog similar to the one you see in the notebook front end when you choose from the menu. The Math. Session. Pane class provides an In/Out Wolfram System session window complete with a full set of editing functions including cut/copy/paste/undo/redo, support for graphics, syntax coloring, and customizable font styles. The auxiliary classes Syntax. Tokenizer and Bracket. Matcher are used by Math. Session. Pane, but can also be used separately to provide these services in your own programs. All these classes are discussed in the section . This program is provided in source code and compiled form in the JLink/Examples/Part. The usual WSTP arguments including the path to the kernel are given on the command line you use to launch the program, and some typical examples are given below. You will have to adjust the Wolfram Language kernel path for your system. If you have your CLASSPATH environment variable set to include JLink. It is assumed that these commands are executed from the JLink/Examples/Part. Windows)java - classpath ..\.\JLink. Sample. Program - linkmode launch - linkname . This program demonstrates launching the kernel with Math. Link. Factory. create.
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